Health Systems Action

January 2026

Digital twins in maternal and child health

Maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes are good indicators of whether a health system works, and for whom. In rich countries, preventable maternal deaths are concentrated in poor neighbourhoods and marginalised populations. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) they reflect deeper and broader system failures that overwhelm clinical services. In both contexts, digital twins offer …

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The limits of “human in the loop”

Large language models (LLMs) are now routinely used to write clinical notes, discharge summaries, referral letters, patient instructions and insurance correspondence. Their appeal is obvious: they are fast, fluent and usually accurate. As the documentation burden increases and clinical time shrinks, AI-generated text is becoming embedded in everyday clinical workflows. The dominant safety response has …

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Conspiracy, misinformation and the three Cs

Editorials urge clinicians and researchers to speak out against misinformation. Public health leaders warn that trust in evidence-based guidance is declining. Scientists describe being “under attack for someone else’s political gain.” These pleas, warnings, repetitions of scientific facts, and proclamations of authority in response to misinformation and conspiracy beliefs are welcome but ineffective. It’s more …

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World models and word models: layers of the AI cake

Development of artificial intelligence (AI) is moving along two distinct paths. The last decade has been centred on large language models (LLM) that generate fluent text by predicting the next word in a sequence. A newer approach focuses on building world models – systems that learn how the physical world behaves and changes over time. …

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